Soda Dry Lake

Playa lakes are among the flattest landforms in the world. They form under arid conditions in interior basins with no outlet to the sea. During wetter climatic conditions, the playa lake basins of the Basin-and-Range province were filled with perennial lakes.

Soda Lake lies at the terminus of the Mojave River. In wet years, the playa may contain standing water and flooding has occurred near the I-15 Freeway at Baker. In drier times, water lies very near the surface in parts of the playa. Capillary action draws the water upward where it evaporates, leaving a puffy “efflorescent” crust of evaporate minerals such as sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.

At least twice, a long-lived lake (Lake Mojave I and II) existed in the region of Soda and Silver Lake playas, from about 18,000 to 16,000 years ago and from 13,700 to 11,400 years ago. The second lake developed when Afton Canyon was incised and a large lake near Barstow (Lake Manix) was drained.

Lake Mojave dried out by about 8,700 years ago. Although short-lived, lakes have periodically existed in the basin. Desiccated lakes can be major sources of eolian sediments, as the man-made desiccation of Owens Lake has shown recently. Thus, the complex history of Soda Lake is interwoven with the history of the dune fields at its southern margin.

Playas

A playa is a dry, vegetation-free, flat area at the lowest part of an undrained desert basin. It is a location where ephemeral lakes form during wet periods, and is underlain by stratified clay, silt, and sand, and commonly, soluble salts. Playas occur in intermountain basins throughout the arid southwestern United States. Although playas may appear as featureless plains, they are rich in features and characteristics that can reveal information about climates, past and present. Many playas in the Mojave region were the location of lakes and marshes during the last glacial period. These perennial water bodies completely dried up about 8,000 years ago. Today they flood only after seasonal storms provide flashflood waters, or in some cases, springs discharge large quantities of groundwater onto the playa.

Sediments are distributed across the surface of a playa by thin sheets of water that flow down slope (relief on playas may be measurable in only centimeters per mile), or by sediment entrained in standing water and redistributed by wave action. Most years playas are dry, or water may only cover the lowest portion of the playa or near water sources, such as near springs or where ephemeral streams discharge onto the playa surface. Between wet periods the surface of the playa typically completely dries out and may even become desiccated, forming polygonal cracks and fissures as clay-rich sediments dry out. The mud-cracked, desiccated sediments on the playa can be a primary source of dust during windstorms. Many playas in the desert southwest display giant polygonal fissures attributed to the drying out of sediments at depth; these fissures are attributed to both the ongoing climatic drying of the region and to extraction of groundwater (Neal & Motts, 1967). Playa surfaces are quite dynamic environments with surface channels, playa margins, sedimentary materials, and biota changing with each flooding event.
 

Playas typically form in closed basins or where drainages may be blocked by faulting, lava flows, or buildup of alluvial fans. Their location within a basin may provide evidence whether the basin is tectonically active. For instance, the playa in southern Death Valley is located immediately adjacent to rising Black Mountains (to the east) where the valley is rapidly sinking; whereas on the opposite side of the playa huge alluvial fans drain from the Panamint Mountains (to the west). The assymetry of the valley, mountains, and playa are all dictated by active faults. In addition, coalescing alluvial fans may create catchments that result in the formation of small playas.

Although there are numerous playas in the region, the Mojave National preserve only has two significant playas, much of the dry Soda Lake and part of Ivanpah dry lake (see the aerial photograph on the Physiography page). During the Last Glacial Maximum the low divide between Soda Lake and Silver Lake to the north was flooded (a human modified channel now exists between the two lake beds), and an ancient beach ridge locally occurs 40 feet above the north end of the Silver Lake playa. At this elevation, the divide between Soda Lake and Cronese basin (with its two playas, West Cronese Lake and East Cronese Lake) would have been flooded. This expanded lake system is known as ancient Lake Mojave. The surface of Silver Lake playa is more than 10 feet lower than the low end of Soda Lake playa (near Baker). As much as 10 feet of water has been reported on Silver Lake playa at irregular intervals (Thompson, 1929).
 

Soda Lake is the largest playa in the park, being about 60 square miles. The two images below taken in the vicinity of one of several springs along the west side (near Zzyzx) illustrate the transition from wet to dry conditions on the playa. The existence of the spring demonstrates the groundwater table is at or near the surface along the west side of the playa (an attempt to walk on the wet playa surface will result in a very muddy experience). During dry periods, alkali salts, primarily sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, form a frothy-white coating on the surface throughout the south and southwest portion of the playa. Salt crusts do not form at the north end of the playa (or on Silver Lake) probably because the groundwater table is more than 20 feet below the surface, and increase in depth northward into the Silver Lake valley (Thompson, 1929). The salts accumulate through capillary rise of salty groundwater and evaporation. These salts return to the groundwater when it rains.

These salts contribute much to the wind-blown dust and haze in the Mojave region late in the summer and fall. Sediment provided by the discharge of the Mojave River into the Soda Lake basin is the source of much of the clay, silt, and sand in the playa sediments. The sand from the Mojave River is the primary source of eolian sand for Kelso Dunes and Devils Playground.

Winter storm precipitation results in increased water discharge onto Soda Lake from one of several springs near Zzyzx, CA (photo by Dave Bedford, February, 2001).

This view of the springs area near Zzyzx shows that by late spring the flaky soda crust deposts have redeveloped on the surface of Soda Dry Lake (photo taken in May, 2003).